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RESEARCH.






CORRUGATOR.
 

                    The Corrugator is the chief muscle used in the act of crying, scowling and fear.  The corrugator's basic action is to pull the eyebrows down and bring them closer together.  It is in fact two muscles that do the work, the corrugator and the Procerus.  The two muscles always contract simultaneously, thus they are considered as one muscle.  The corrugator has muscle fibres that radiate upward from the bridge of the nose and go into the skin of the lower, middle brow.  (see fig 08)  The procerus is fan shaped.  The base of the fan is fixed into the nasal bone where the bone meets the cartilage.  The upper, moveable end is attached to the skin in the area between the two eyebrows.
                    When a person frowns the inner ends of the eyebrows move together and downward; the skin in between is bunched and wrinkled.  (see fig 09)  The entire eyebrow appears tipped downwards.  There is also a subtle movement forwards.  The bunching of the skin above the eye creates a sort of shelf, projecting outward.  The movement of the eyebrows also affects the area between the eyebrows, where two or three very deep vertical wrinkles tend to form.
                    The downward pressure and forward pressure of the brow drags the skin below along with it.  A new, sharply defined, skin fold appears above the eye, partly closing it.  The minimum elements necessary to recognizably depict a frowning brow are these: inward slanting eyebrows, vertical in-between creases, and the extra low level of the brow.  The other, more subtle changes enhance the effect.

 Fig . 08  - Corrugator Muscle Fibres.                          Fig . 09 -  The Corrugator in action.